physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which a doctor investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease. It generally follows the taking of the medical history an account of the symptoms as experienced by the patient. Together with the physical medical history, the physical examination aids in determining the correct diagnosis and devising the treatment plan. This data then becomes part of the medical record.
Death or dying is the termination of the biological functions that define a living organism. Humans and the vast majority of other animals die in due course from senescence. Remarkable exceptions include the hydra, and the jellyfish turritopsis nutricula, which is thought to possess in effect biological immortality.
Intervening phenomena which commonly bring about death or dying earlier include malnutrition, disease, or accidents resulting in terminal physical injury. Predation is a cause of death, dying for many species. Intentional human activity causing death, dying includes suicide, homicide, and war. Roughly 150,000 people die, dying each day across the globe. Death in the natural world can also occur as an indirect result of human activity, an increasing cause of species depletion in recent times has been destruction of ecosystems as a consequence of the widening spread of industrial technology.
Physiological death, dying is now seen as less an event than a process, conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs. In general, clinical death, dying is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death.
A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. Precise medical definition of death, in other words, becomes more problematic, paradoxically, as scientific knowledge and technology advance.
For those who define death as a state following the state of life, one of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. Death would seem to refer to either the moment at which life ends, or when the state that follows life begins, determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is problematic there is little consensus over how to define life.
Some have suggested defining life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died. One of the notable flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious. Another problem with this approach is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. This general problem of defining death applies to the particular challenge of defining death in the context of medicine.
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