methods refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, methods acquiring new knowledge, methods correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a methods of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. Procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methodologies of knowledge.
The term torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether torture physical or torture mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person torture for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.
Witchcraft or witches, in various historical, anthropological, religious and mythological contexts, is the use of certain kinds of supernatural or magical powers. Witchcraft or witches can refer to the use of such powers in order to inflict harm or damage upon members of a community or their property.
Other uses of the witches distinguish between bad witchcraft, witches and good witchcraft, the latter involving the use of these powers to heal someone from bad witchcraft, witches. The concept of witchcraft, witches is normally treated as a cultural ideology, a means of explaining human misfortune by blaming it either on a supernatural entity or a known person in the community. A witch from old english wicce is a practitioner of witchcraft.
Belief in witchcraft, witches and by consequence witch hunts, is found in many cultures worldwide, today mostly in sub saharan africa in the witch smellers in bantu culture, early modern europe of the 14th to 18th century, where witchcraft, witches came to be seen as a vast diabolical conspiracy against christianity.
The witch cult hypothesis, a controversial theory that european witchcraft was a suppressed pagan religion, was popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the mid 20th century, witchcraft, witches has become the self designation of a branch of neopaganism.
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