A diagram is a two dimensional geometric symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. The technique uses a three dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.
A castle is a defensive structure associated with the Middle Ages. Scholarly debate surrounds the term precise meaning, but a castle is usually considered to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble.
This is distinct from a fortress, which was not a home, or a fortified town, which was a public defence. Over the extended period of time that castles were built they took on a great many forms with many different features, some of which, such as the curtain wall and arrowslits, were commonplace.
A European innovation, castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries when the fall of the Carolingian Empire led to the division of the empire territory among individual lords and princes and an emphasis on personal defence.
Castles controlled their immediate areas, and were both offensive and defensive structures they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as protection from an enemy. Their military origins are often emphasised, castles also served as centres of administration and symbols of power.
Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near elements, integral to life in the community.
Many castles were originally built from earth and timber, but had their defences replaced later by stone equivalents.
In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. Towers proliferated, with an emphasis on flanking fire, and many new castles were polygonal, while previously they had exploited natural defences, or relied on concentric defence several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time, thereby maximising the castle firepower.
Labeling theory holds that deviance is not a quality of the act because it is the result of personality factors associated with committing deviance. It focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from norms.
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